Panama

tax residency requires_professional_advice

The territorial principle is confirmed at a general level; tax residence and any low-presence anchor use are not settled.

• Territorial principle confirmed
  Only Panama-source income is generally taxable; foreign-source income is generally not taxed.
• Residence day / permanent-home test requires_professional_advice
  Residence is day / permanent-home based; presence alone does not settle certificates.
• Low-presence anchor equivalence requires_professional_advice
  Panama is not a Paraguay replacement by default; anchor equivalence is unconfirmed.
• Tax-residence trigger requires_professional_advice
  Panama residence and certificate use are not low-presence defaults.
• Netherlands treaty reality confirmed
  The Dutch Treaty Database lists an in-force Netherlands-Panama income-tax double-tax treaty entry; personal applicability remains advisor-bound.
• Fiscal anchor suitability requires_professional_advice
  Panama is a territorial-tax candidate, not a confirmed replacement anchor.